Lokalized - Languages - Italian

Cardinalities

CARDINALITY_ONE

Matches i = 1 and v = 0

Example Integers: 1
CARDINALITY_MANY

Matches e = 0 and i != 0 and i % 1000000 = 0 and v = 0 or e != 0..5

Example Integers: 1000000, …
CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches all other values

Example Integers: 0, 2, 16, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, …

Example Decimals: 0.0, 1.5, 10.0, 100.0, 1000.0, 10000.0, 100000.0, 1000000.0, …

Cardinality example

This localized strings example uses complete, page-local CLDR minimal-pair patterns to demonstrate every cardinality category defined for the locale. Minimal-pair text contrasts grammatical forms; it is language-reference data, not reusable application copy.

Source: Unicode CLDR 48.2 it locale data.

Sample localized strings file

it.json Localized Strings File (Italian)

{
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair": {
    "commentary": "Demonstrates every CLDR cardinal category defined for this locale.",
    "translation": "{{cardinalityExample}}",
    "placeholders": {
      "cardinalityExample": {
        "value": "cardinalityValue",
        "translations": {
          "CARDINALITY_ONE": "{{formattedCardinalityValue}} giorno",
          "CARDINALITY_MANY": "{{formattedCardinalityValue}} di giorni",
          "CARDINALITY_OTHER": "{{formattedCardinalityValue}} giorni"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

The JavaScript code passes each raw number for cardinality selection and formats its display value separately with Intl.NumberFormat.

import { cardinalityForNumber, createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "it";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
});

const numberFormat = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; Intl.NumberFormat produces the display values

// CARDINALITY_ONE
const oneCardinality = 1;
const oneFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(oneCardinality);

cardinalityForNumber(oneCardinality, locale).name;   // => "CARDINALITY_ONE"
strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", {
  cardinalityValue: oneCardinality,
  formattedCardinalityValue: oneFormattedCardinalityValue,
});   // => "1 giorno"

// CARDINALITY_MANY
const manyCardinality = 1_000_000;
const manyFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(manyCardinality);

cardinalityForNumber(manyCardinality, locale).name;   // => "CARDINALITY_MANY"
strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", {
  cardinalityValue: manyCardinality,
  formattedCardinalityValue: manyFormattedCardinalityValue,
});   // => "1.000.000 di giorni"

// CARDINALITY_OTHER
const otherCardinality = 0;
const otherFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(otherCardinality);

cardinalityForNumber(otherCardinality, locale).name;   // => "CARDINALITY_OTHER"
strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", {
  cardinalityValue: otherCardinality,
  formattedCardinalityValue: otherFormattedCardinalityValue,
});   // => "0 giorni"

Java

The Java code passes each raw number for cardinality selection and formats its display value separately with NumberFormat.

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("it");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; NumberFormat produces the display values

// CARDINALITY_ONE
Number oneCardinality = 1;
String oneFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(oneCardinality);

assertEquals(Cardinality.ONE, Cardinality.forNumber(oneCardinality, locale));

// Expected: 1 giorno
assertEquals(oneFormattedCardinalityValue + " giorno", strings.get(
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("cardinalityValue", oneCardinality, "formattedCardinalityValue", oneFormattedCardinalityValue)
));

// CARDINALITY_MANY
Number manyCardinality = 1_000_000;
String manyFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(manyCardinality);

assertEquals(Cardinality.MANY, Cardinality.forNumber(manyCardinality, locale));

// Expected: 1.000.000 di giorni
assertEquals(manyFormattedCardinalityValue + " di giorni", strings.get(
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair",
  Map.of(
    "cardinalityValue", manyCardinality,
    "formattedCardinalityValue", manyFormattedCardinalityValue
  )
));

// CARDINALITY_OTHER
Number otherCardinality = 0;
String otherFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(otherCardinality);

assertEquals(Cardinality.OTHER, Cardinality.forNumber(otherCardinality, locale));

// Expected: 0 giorni
assertEquals(otherFormattedCardinalityValue + " giorni", strings.get(
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair",
  Map.of(
    "cardinalityValue", otherCardinality,
    "formattedCardinalityValue", otherFormattedCardinalityValue
  )
));

Swift

Swift uses pinned CLDR rules for raw numeric values. The display strings in these assertions are fixed examples; applications format display values separately with Foundation. Default .rtlLocales bidi isolation adds FSI/PDI to interpolated values in right-to-left output.

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("it")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

// CARDINALITY_ONE
let number1 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("1")
let category1 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number1, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category1 == .one)
// This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible.
let display1 = "1"
let message1 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "cardinalityValue": .number(number1),
  "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display1),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("1 giorno"))

// CARDINALITY_MANY
let number2 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("1000000")
let category2 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number2, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category2 == .many)
// This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible.
let display2 = "1.000.000"
let message2 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "cardinalityValue": .number(number2),
  "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display2),
])
assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("1.000.000 di giorni"))

// CARDINALITY_OTHER
let number3 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("0")
let category3 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number3, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category3 == .other)
// This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible.
let display3 = "0"
let message3 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "cardinalityValue": .number(number3),
  "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display3),
])
assert(ExactString(message3) == ExactString("0 giorni"))

Cardinality Ranges

These are CLDR's explicit range mappings. For any start/end pair not listed, the range falls back to the ending cardinality.

CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches CARDINALITY_OTHER
CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_ONE

Matches CARDINALITY_ONE
CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches CARDINALITY_OTHER

Cardinality range example

The start and end cardinalities select the locale's CLDR range result. The selected form wraps a separately formatted display range.

Sample localized strings file

it.json Localized Strings File (Italian)

{
  "Delivery.Window": {
    "commentary": "Estimated delivery window, expressed as a range of days.",
    "translation": "{{window}}",
    "placeholders": {
      "window": {
        "range": {
          "start": "minDays",
          "end": "maxDays"
        },
        "translations": {
          "CARDINALITY_ONE": "{{formattedDayRange}} giorno",
          "CARDINALITY_MANY": "{{formattedDayRange}} giorni",
          "CARDINALITY_OTHER": "{{formattedDayRange}} giorni"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

The JavaScript code passes raw range endpoints for selection, formats both endpoints separately with Intl.NumberFormat, and joins them for display; choose range punctuation appropriate to your application. Range rules are an optional import, lokalized/data/ranges.

import { cardinalityForNumber, createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { cardinalRangeData, cardinalityForRange } from "lokalized/data/ranges";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "it";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
  pluralData: { ranges: cardinalRangeData },
});

const numberFormat = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; Intl.NumberFormat produces the display values

// CARDINALITY_OTHER range
const minDays = 1;
const formattedMinDays = numberFormat.format(minDays);
const maxDays = 2;
const formattedMaxDays = numberFormat.format(maxDays);
const formattedDayRange = formattedMinDays + "-" + formattedMaxDays;

cardinalityForRange(
  cardinalityForNumber(minDays, locale),
  cardinalityForNumber(maxDays, locale),
  locale
).name;   // => "CARDINALITY_OTHER"
strings.get("Delivery.Window", { minDays, maxDays, formattedDayRange });   // => "1-2 giorni"

Java

The Java code passes raw range endpoints for selection. Because NumberFormat formats one number at a time, it formats both endpoints separately and joins them for display; choose range punctuation appropriate to your application.

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("it");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; NumberFormat produces the display values

// CARDINALITY_OTHER range
Number minDays = 1;
String formattedMinDays = numberFormat.format(minDays);
Number maxDays = 2;
String formattedMaxDays = numberFormat.format(maxDays);
String formattedDayRange = formattedMinDays + "-" + formattedMaxDays;

assertEquals(Cardinality.OTHER, Cardinality.forRange(
  Cardinality.forNumber(minDays, locale),
  Cardinality.forNumber(maxDays, locale),
  locale
));

// Expected: 1-2 giorni
assertEquals(formattedDayRange + " giorni", strings.get(
  "Delivery.Window",
  Map.of("minDays", minDays, "maxDays", maxDays, "formattedDayRange", formattedDayRange)
));

Swift

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("it")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

let start = try NumericValue.forDecimal("1")
let end = try NumericValue.forDecimal("2")
let startForm = try Cardinality.forNumber(start, locale: locale.tag)
let endForm = try Cardinality.forNumber(end, locale: locale.tag)
let rangeForm = try Cardinality.forRange(startForm, endForm, locale: locale.tag)
assert(rangeForm == .other)
let message1 = try strings.get("Delivery.Window", placeholders: [
  "minDays": .number(start),
  "maxDays": .number(end),
  "formattedDayRange": .text("1-2"),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("1-2 giorni"))

Ordinalities

ORDINALITY_MANY

Matches n = 11,8,80,800

Example Integers: 8, 11, 80, 800
ORDINALITY_OTHER

Matches all other values

Example Integers: 0, 7, 9, 10, 12, 17, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, …

Ordinality example

This localized strings example uses complete CLDR minimal-pair patterns to demonstrate every ordinality category defined for the locale.

Source: Unicode CLDR 48.2 it locale data.

Sample localized strings file

it.json Localized Strings File (Italian)

{
  "Ordinal.MinimalPair": {
    "commentary": "Demonstrates every CLDR ordinal category defined for this locale.",
    "translation": "{{ordinalExample}}",
    "placeholders": {
      "ordinalExample": {
        "value": "ordinalValue",
        "translations": {
          "ORDINALITY_MANY": "Prendi l'{{formattedOrdinalValue}}° a destra.",
          "ORDINALITY_OTHER": "Prendi la {{formattedOrdinalValue}}° a destra."
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

The JavaScript code passes each raw number to ordinalityForNumber(...) and formats its display value separately with Intl.NumberFormat. Ordinal rules are an optional import, lokalized/data/ordinal.

import { createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { ordinalData, ordinalityForNumber } from "lokalized/data/ordinal";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "it";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
  pluralData: { ordinal: ordinalData },
});

const numberFormat = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; Intl.NumberFormat produces the display values

// ORDINALITY_MANY
const manyOrdinalValue = 8;
const manyFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(manyOrdinalValue);

ordinalityForNumber(manyOrdinalValue, locale).name;   // => "ORDINALITY_MANY"
strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", {
  ordinalValue: manyOrdinalValue,
  formattedOrdinalValue: manyFormattedOrdinalValue,
});   // => "Prendi l'8° a destra."

// ORDINALITY_OTHER
const otherOrdinalValue = 7;
const otherFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(otherOrdinalValue);

ordinalityForNumber(otherOrdinalValue, locale).name;   // => "ORDINALITY_OTHER"
strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", {
  ordinalValue: otherOrdinalValue,
  formattedOrdinalValue: otherFormattedOrdinalValue,
});   // => "Prendi la 7° a destra."

Java

The Java code passes each raw number to Ordinality.forNumber(...) and formats its display value separately with NumberFormat.

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("it");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; NumberFormat produces the display values

// ORDINALITY_MANY
Number manyOrdinalValue = 8;
String manyFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(manyOrdinalValue);

assertEquals(Ordinality.MANY, Ordinality.forNumber(manyOrdinalValue, locale));

// Expected: Prendi l'8° a destra.
assertEquals("Prendi l'" + manyFormattedOrdinalValue + "° a destra.", strings.get(
  "Ordinal.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("ordinalValue", manyOrdinalValue, "formattedOrdinalValue", manyFormattedOrdinalValue)
));

// ORDINALITY_OTHER
Number otherOrdinalValue = 7;
String otherFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(otherOrdinalValue);

assertEquals(Ordinality.OTHER, Ordinality.forNumber(otherOrdinalValue, locale));

// Expected: Prendi la 7° a destra.
assertEquals("Prendi la " + otherFormattedOrdinalValue + "° a destra.", strings.get(
  "Ordinal.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("ordinalValue", otherOrdinalValue, "formattedOrdinalValue", otherFormattedOrdinalValue)
));

Swift

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("it")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

let number1 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("8")
let category1 = try Ordinality.forNumber(number1, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category1 == .many)
let message1 = try strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "ordinalValue": .number(number1),
  "formattedOrdinalValue": .text("8"),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("Prendi l'8° a destra."))

let number2 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("7")
let category2 = try Ordinality.forNumber(number2, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category2 == .other)
let message2 = try strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "ordinalValue": .number(number2),
  "formattedOrdinalValue": .text("7"),
])
assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("Prendi la 7° a destra."))

Language-Specific Examples

These examples show how Lokalized models grammatical choices and translation behavior that commonly affect Italian application copy. Each example identifies the Lokalized language forms and other library features it uses.

Article forms by phonetic onset

Italian masculine singular articles vary by onset. This example covers a regular consonant, s impura, z, gn, ps, pn, x, and a vowel.

Language reference: Treccani - Italian article selection

Language forms used: phonetics

Sample localized strings file

it.json Localized Strings File (Italian)

{
  "I see {{noun}}.": {
    "translation": "Vedo {{object}}.",
    "placeholders": {
      "object": {
        "value": "noun",
        "translations": {
          "PHONETIC_CONSONANT": "il libro",
          "PHONETIC_S_IMPURE": "lo studente",
          "PHONETIC_Z": "lo zaino",
          "PHONETIC_GN": "lo gnomo",
          "PHONETIC_PS": "lo psicologo",
          "PHONETIC_PN": "lo pneumatico",
          "PHONETIC_X": "lo xilofono",
          "PHONETIC_VOWEL": "l'amico"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

The application-provided resolver classifies each raw term at runtime. Its small lookup map stands in for application-specific pronunciation logic or a lexicon.

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

import { PHONETIC_CONSONANT, PHONETIC_GN, PHONETIC_OTHER, PHONETIC_PN, PHONETIC_PS, PHONETIC_S_IMPURE, PHONETIC_VOWEL, PHONETIC_X, PHONETIC_Z, createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "it";

const phoneticsByTerm = new Map([
  ["libro", PHONETIC_CONSONANT],
  ["studente", PHONETIC_S_IMPURE],
  ["zaino", PHONETIC_Z],
  ["gnomo", PHONETIC_GN],
  ["psicologo", PHONETIC_PS],
  ["pneumatico", PHONETIC_PN],
  ["xilofono", PHONETIC_X],
  ["amico", PHONETIC_VOWEL],
]);
const phoneticResolver = (term) => phoneticsByTerm.get(term) ?? PHONETIC_OTHER;

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
  phoneticResolver,
});

strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", { noun: "libro" });   // => "Vedo il libro."
strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", { noun: "studente" });   // => "Vedo lo studente."
strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", { noun: "zaino" });   // => "Vedo lo zaino."
strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", { noun: "gnomo" });   // => "Vedo lo gnomo."
strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", { noun: "psicologo" });   // => "Vedo lo psicologo."
strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", { noun: "pneumatico" });   // => "Vedo lo pneumatico."
strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", { noun: "xilofono" });   // => "Vedo lo xilofono."
strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", { noun: "amico" });   // => "Vedo l'amico."

Java

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("it");

Map<String, Phonetic> phoneticsByTerm = Map.ofEntries(
  Map.entry("libro", Phonetic.CONSONANT),
  Map.entry("studente", Phonetic.S_IMPURE),
  Map.entry("zaino", Phonetic.Z),
  Map.entry("gnomo", Phonetic.GN),
  Map.entry("psicologo", Phonetic.PS),
  Map.entry("pneumatico", Phonetic.PN),
  Map.entry("xilofono", Phonetic.X),
  Map.entry("amico", Phonetic.VOWEL)
);
PhoneticResolver phoneticResolver = (term, ignoredLocale) ->
  phoneticsByTerm.getOrDefault(term, Phonetic.OTHER);

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .phoneticResolver(phoneticResolver)
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

assertEquals("Vedo il libro.", strings.get(
  "I see {{noun}}.", Map.of("noun", "libro")
));

assertEquals("Vedo lo studente.", strings.get(
  "I see {{noun}}.", Map.of("noun", "studente")
));

assertEquals("Vedo lo zaino.", strings.get(
  "I see {{noun}}.", Map.of("noun", "zaino")
));

assertEquals("Vedo lo gnomo.", strings.get(
  "I see {{noun}}.", Map.of("noun", "gnomo")
));

assertEquals("Vedo lo psicologo.", strings.get(
  "I see {{noun}}.", Map.of("noun", "psicologo")
));

assertEquals("Vedo lo pneumatico.", strings.get(
  "I see {{noun}}.", Map.of("noun", "pneumatico")
));

assertEquals("Vedo lo xilofono.", strings.get(
  "I see {{noun}}.", Map.of("noun", "xilofono")
));

assertEquals("Vedo l'amico.", strings.get(
  "I see {{noun}}.", Map.of("noun", "amico")
));

Swift

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("it")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let phoneticsByTerm: [ExactString: Phonetic] = [
  "libro": .consonant,
  "studente": .sImpure,
  "zaino": .z,
  "gnomo": .gn,
  "psicologo": .ps,
  "pneumatico": .pn,
  "xilofono": .x,
  "amico": .vowel,
]
let phoneticResolver: PhoneticResolver = { term, _ in phoneticsByTerm[ExactString(term)] ?? .other }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale, phoneticResolver: phoneticResolver
))

let message1 = try strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", placeholders: [
  "noun": .text("libro"),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("Vedo il libro."))

let message2 = try strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", placeholders: [
  "noun": .text("studente"),
])
assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("Vedo lo studente."))

let message3 = try strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", placeholders: [
  "noun": .text("zaino"),
])
assert(ExactString(message3) == ExactString("Vedo lo zaino."))

let message4 = try strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", placeholders: [
  "noun": .text("gnomo"),
])
assert(ExactString(message4) == ExactString("Vedo lo gnomo."))

let message5 = try strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", placeholders: [
  "noun": .text("psicologo"),
])
assert(ExactString(message5) == ExactString("Vedo lo psicologo."))

let message6 = try strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", placeholders: [
  "noun": .text("pneumatico"),
])
assert(ExactString(message6) == ExactString("Vedo lo pneumatico."))

let message7 = try strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", placeholders: [
  "noun": .text("xilofono"),
])
assert(ExactString(message7) == ExactString("Vedo lo xilofono."))

let message8 = try strings.get("I see {{noun}}.", placeholders: [
  "noun": .text("amico"),
])
assert(ExactString(message8) == ExactString("Vedo l'amico."))

Addendum: Language Form Rules

The language form expressions above are specified by Unicode Technical Standard #35 and use the following notation:

n absolute value of the source number (integer and decimals)
i integer digits of n
v number of visible fraction digits in n, with trailing zeros
w number of visible fraction digits in n, without trailing zeros
f visible fractional digits in n, with trailing zeros
t visible fractional digits in n, without trailing zeros
c/e compact decimal exponent operands used by some CLDR compact-number rules

Cardinalities

CARDINALITY_ONE

CARDINALITY_MANY

CARDINALITY_OTHER

Cardinality example

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Cardinality Ranges

CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_OTHER

CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_ONE

CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Cardinality range example

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Ordinalities

ORDINALITY_MANY

ORDINALITY_OTHER

Ordinality example

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Language-Specific Examples

Article forms by phonetic onset

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Addendum: Language Form Rules