Lokalized - Languages - Hindi

Cardinalities

CARDINALITY_ONE

Matches i = 0 or n = 1

Example Integers: 0, 1

Example Decimals: 0.0, 1.0, 0.00, 0.04
CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches all other values

Example Integers: 2, 17, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, …

Example Decimals: 1.1, 2.6, 10.0, 100.0, 1000.0, 10000.0, 100000.0, 1000000.0, …

Cardinality example

This localized strings example uses complete, page-local CLDR minimal-pair patterns to demonstrate every cardinality category defined for the locale. Minimal-pair text contrasts grammatical forms; it is language-reference data, not reusable application copy.

Source: Unicode CLDR 48.2 hi locale data.

Sample localized strings file

hi.json Localized Strings File (Hindi)

{
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair": {
    "commentary": "Demonstrates every CLDR cardinal category defined for this locale.",
    "translation": "{{cardinalityExample}}",
    "placeholders": {
      "cardinalityExample": {
        "value": "cardinalityValue",
        "translations": {
          "CARDINALITY_ONE": "{{formattedCardinalityValue}} घंटा",
          "CARDINALITY_OTHER": "{{formattedCardinalityValue}} घंटे"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

The JavaScript code passes each raw number for cardinality selection and formats its display value separately with Intl.NumberFormat.

import { cardinalityForNumber, createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "hi";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
});

const numberFormat = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; Intl.NumberFormat produces the display values

// CARDINALITY_ONE
const oneCardinality = 0;
const oneFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(oneCardinality);

cardinalityForNumber(oneCardinality, locale).name;   // => "CARDINALITY_ONE"
strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", {
  cardinalityValue: oneCardinality,
  formattedCardinalityValue: oneFormattedCardinalityValue,
});   // => "0 घंटा"

// CARDINALITY_OTHER
const otherCardinality = 2;
const otherFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(otherCardinality);

cardinalityForNumber(otherCardinality, locale).name;   // => "CARDINALITY_OTHER"
strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", {
  cardinalityValue: otherCardinality,
  formattedCardinalityValue: otherFormattedCardinalityValue,
});   // => "2 घंटे"

Java

The Java code passes each raw number for cardinality selection and formats its display value separately with NumberFormat.

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("hi");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; NumberFormat produces the display values

// CARDINALITY_ONE
Number oneCardinality = 0;
String oneFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(oneCardinality);

assertEquals(Cardinality.ONE, Cardinality.forNumber(oneCardinality, locale));

// Expected: 0 घंटा
assertEquals(oneFormattedCardinalityValue + " घंटा", strings.get(
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("cardinalityValue", oneCardinality, "formattedCardinalityValue", oneFormattedCardinalityValue)
));

// CARDINALITY_OTHER
Number otherCardinality = 2;
String otherFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(otherCardinality);

assertEquals(Cardinality.OTHER, Cardinality.forNumber(otherCardinality, locale));

// Expected: 2 घंटे
assertEquals(otherFormattedCardinalityValue + " घंटे", strings.get(
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair",
  Map.of(
    "cardinalityValue", otherCardinality,
    "formattedCardinalityValue", otherFormattedCardinalityValue
  )
));

Swift

Swift uses pinned CLDR rules for raw numeric values. The display strings in these assertions are fixed examples; applications format display values separately with Foundation. Default .rtlLocales bidi isolation adds FSI/PDI to interpolated values in right-to-left output.

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("hi")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

// CARDINALITY_ONE
let number1 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("0")
let category1 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number1, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category1 == .one)
// This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible.
let display1 = "0"
let message1 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "cardinalityValue": .number(number1),
  "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display1),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("0 घंटा"))

// CARDINALITY_OTHER
let number2 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("2")
let category2 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number2, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category2 == .other)
// This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible.
let display2 = "2"
let message2 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "cardinalityValue": .number(number2),
  "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display2),
])
assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("2 घंटे"))

Cardinality Ranges

These are CLDR's explicit range mappings. For any start/end pair not listed, the range falls back to the ending cardinality.

CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_ONE

Matches CARDINALITY_ONE
CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches CARDINALITY_OTHER
CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches CARDINALITY_OTHER

Ordinalities

ORDINALITY_ONE

Matches n = 1

Example Integers: 1
ORDINALITY_TWO

Matches n = 2,3

Example Integers: 2, 3
ORDINALITY_FEW

Matches n = 4

Example Integers: 4
ORDINALITY_MANY

Matches n = 6

Example Integers: 6
ORDINALITY_OTHER

Matches all other values

Example Integers: 0, 5, 7, 20, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, …

Ordinality example

This localized strings example uses complete CLDR minimal-pair patterns to demonstrate every ordinality category defined for the locale.

Source: Unicode CLDR 48.2 hi locale data.

Sample localized strings file

hi.json Localized Strings File (Hindi)

{
  "Ordinal.MinimalPair": {
    "commentary": "Demonstrates every CLDR ordinal category defined for this locale.",
    "translation": "{{ordinalExample}}",
    "placeholders": {
      "ordinalExample": {
        "value": "ordinalValue",
        "translations": {
          "ORDINALITY_ONE": "{{formattedOrdinalValue}}ला दाहिना मोड़ लें.",
          "ORDINALITY_TWO": "{{formattedOrdinalValue}}रा दाहिना मोड़ लें.",
          "ORDINALITY_FEW": "{{formattedOrdinalValue}} दाहिना मोड़ लें.",
          "ORDINALITY_MANY": "{{formattedOrdinalValue}}ठा दाहिना मोड़ लें.",
          "ORDINALITY_OTHER": "{{formattedOrdinalValue}}वां दाहिना मोड़ लें."
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

The JavaScript code passes each raw number to ordinalityForNumber(...) and formats its display value separately with Intl.NumberFormat. Ordinal rules are an optional import, lokalized/data/ordinal.

import { createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { ordinalData, ordinalityForNumber } from "lokalized/data/ordinal";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "hi";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
  pluralData: { ordinal: ordinalData },
});

const numberFormat = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; Intl.NumberFormat produces the display values

// ORDINALITY_ONE
const oneOrdinalValue = 1;
const oneFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(oneOrdinalValue);

ordinalityForNumber(oneOrdinalValue, locale).name;   // => "ORDINALITY_ONE"
strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", {
  ordinalValue: oneOrdinalValue,
  formattedOrdinalValue: oneFormattedOrdinalValue,
});   // => "1ला दाहिना मोड़ लें."

// ORDINALITY_TWO
const twoOrdinalValue = 2;
const twoFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(twoOrdinalValue);

ordinalityForNumber(twoOrdinalValue, locale).name;   // => "ORDINALITY_TWO"
strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", {
  ordinalValue: twoOrdinalValue,
  formattedOrdinalValue: twoFormattedOrdinalValue,
});   // => "2रा दाहिना मोड़ लें."

// ORDINALITY_FEW
const fewOrdinalValue = 4;
const fewFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(fewOrdinalValue);

ordinalityForNumber(fewOrdinalValue, locale).name;   // => "ORDINALITY_FEW"
strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", {
  ordinalValue: fewOrdinalValue,
  formattedOrdinalValue: fewFormattedOrdinalValue,
});   // => "4 दाहिना मोड़ लें."

// ORDINALITY_MANY
const manyOrdinalValue = 6;
const manyFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(manyOrdinalValue);

ordinalityForNumber(manyOrdinalValue, locale).name;   // => "ORDINALITY_MANY"
strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", {
  ordinalValue: manyOrdinalValue,
  formattedOrdinalValue: manyFormattedOrdinalValue,
});   // => "6ठा दाहिना मोड़ लें."

// ORDINALITY_OTHER
const otherOrdinalValue = 5;
const otherFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(otherOrdinalValue);

ordinalityForNumber(otherOrdinalValue, locale).name;   // => "ORDINALITY_OTHER"
strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", {
  ordinalValue: otherOrdinalValue,
  formattedOrdinalValue: otherFormattedOrdinalValue,
});   // => "5वां दाहिना मोड़ लें."

Java

The Java code passes each raw number to Ordinality.forNumber(...) and formats its display value separately with NumberFormat.

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("hi");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; NumberFormat produces the display values

// ORDINALITY_ONE
Number oneOrdinalValue = 1;
String oneFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(oneOrdinalValue);

assertEquals(Ordinality.ONE, Ordinality.forNumber(oneOrdinalValue, locale));

// Expected: 1ला दाहिना मोड़ लें.
assertEquals(oneFormattedOrdinalValue + "ला दाहिना मोड़ लें.", strings.get(
  "Ordinal.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("ordinalValue", oneOrdinalValue, "formattedOrdinalValue", oneFormattedOrdinalValue)
));

// ORDINALITY_TWO
Number twoOrdinalValue = 2;
String twoFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(twoOrdinalValue);

assertEquals(Ordinality.TWO, Ordinality.forNumber(twoOrdinalValue, locale));

// Expected: 2रा दाहिना मोड़ लें.
assertEquals(twoFormattedOrdinalValue + "रा दाहिना मोड़ लें.", strings.get(
  "Ordinal.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("ordinalValue", twoOrdinalValue, "formattedOrdinalValue", twoFormattedOrdinalValue)
));

// ORDINALITY_FEW
Number fewOrdinalValue = 4;
String fewFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(fewOrdinalValue);

assertEquals(Ordinality.FEW, Ordinality.forNumber(fewOrdinalValue, locale));

// Expected: 4 दाहिना मोड़ लें.
assertEquals(fewFormattedOrdinalValue + " दाहिना मोड़ लें.", strings.get(
  "Ordinal.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("ordinalValue", fewOrdinalValue, "formattedOrdinalValue", fewFormattedOrdinalValue)
));

// ORDINALITY_MANY
Number manyOrdinalValue = 6;
String manyFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(manyOrdinalValue);

assertEquals(Ordinality.MANY, Ordinality.forNumber(manyOrdinalValue, locale));

// Expected: 6ठा दाहिना मोड़ लें.
assertEquals(manyFormattedOrdinalValue + "ठा दाहिना मोड़ लें.", strings.get(
  "Ordinal.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("ordinalValue", manyOrdinalValue, "formattedOrdinalValue", manyFormattedOrdinalValue)
));

// ORDINALITY_OTHER
Number otherOrdinalValue = 5;
String otherFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(otherOrdinalValue);

assertEquals(Ordinality.OTHER, Ordinality.forNumber(otherOrdinalValue, locale));

// Expected: 5वां दाहिना मोड़ लें.
assertEquals(otherFormattedOrdinalValue + "वां दाहिना मोड़ लें.", strings.get(
  "Ordinal.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("ordinalValue", otherOrdinalValue, "formattedOrdinalValue", otherFormattedOrdinalValue)
));

Swift

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("hi")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

let number1 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("1")
let category1 = try Ordinality.forNumber(number1, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category1 == .one)
let message1 = try strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "ordinalValue": .number(number1),
  "formattedOrdinalValue": .text("1"),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("1ला दाहिना मोड़ लें."))

let number2 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("2")
let category2 = try Ordinality.forNumber(number2, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category2 == .two)
let message2 = try strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "ordinalValue": .number(number2),
  "formattedOrdinalValue": .text("2"),
])
assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("2रा दाहिना मोड़ लें."))

let number3 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("4")
let category3 = try Ordinality.forNumber(number3, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category3 == .few)
let message3 = try strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "ordinalValue": .number(number3),
  "formattedOrdinalValue": .text("4"),
])
assert(ExactString(message3) == ExactString("4 दाहिना मोड़ लें."))

let number4 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("6")
let category4 = try Ordinality.forNumber(number4, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category4 == .many)
let message4 = try strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "ordinalValue": .number(number4),
  "formattedOrdinalValue": .text("6"),
])
assert(ExactString(message4) == ExactString("6ठा दाहिना मोड़ लें."))

let number5 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("5")
let category5 = try Ordinality.forNumber(number5, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category5 == .other)
let message5 = try strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "ordinalValue": .number(number5),
  "formattedOrdinalValue": .text("5"),
])
assert(ExactString(message5) == ExactString("5वां दाहिना मोड़ लें."))

Language-Specific Examples

These examples show how Lokalized models grammatical choices and translation behavior that commonly affect Hindi application copy. Each example identifies the Lokalized language forms and other library features it uses.

Gender agreement in an arrival message

Passing GENDER_MASCULINE or GENDER_FEMININE selects the matching singular arrival phrase, आ गया है or आ गई है, while the person's name remains application-supplied data.

Language reference: Michigan State University - Hindi perfective aspect and gender agreement

Language forms used: gender

Sample localized strings file

hi.json Localized Strings File (Hindi)

{
  "{{person}} has arrived.": {
    "translation": "{{person}} {{arrival}}।",
    "placeholders": {
      "arrival": {
        "value": "gender",
        "translations": {
          "GENDER_MASCULINE": "आ गया है",
          "GENDER_FEMININE": "आ गई है"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

import { GENDER_FEMININE, GENDER_MASCULINE, createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "hi";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
});

strings.get("{{person}} has arrived.", { person: "अमित", gender: GENDER_MASCULINE });   // => "अमित आ गया है।"
strings.get("{{person}} has arrived.", { person: "मीरा", gender: GENDER_FEMININE });   // => "मीरा आ गई है।"

Java

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("hi");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

assertEquals("अमित आ गया है।", strings.get(
  "{{person}} has arrived.", Map.of("person", "अमित", "gender", Gender.MASCULINE)
));

assertEquals("मीरा आ गई है।", strings.get(
  "{{person}} has arrived.", Map.of("person", "मीरा", "gender", Gender.FEMININE)
));

Swift

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("hi")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

let message1 = try strings.get("{{person}} has arrived.", placeholders: [
  "person": .text("अमित"),
  "gender": .languageForm(.gender(.masculine)),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("अमित आ गया है।"))

let message2 = try strings.get("{{person}} has arrived.", placeholders: [
  "person": .text("मीरा"),
  "gender": .languageForm(.gender(.feminine)),
])
assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("मीरा आ गई है।"))

Addendum: Language Form Rules

The language form expressions above are specified by Unicode Technical Standard #35 and use the following notation:

n absolute value of the source number (integer and decimals)
i integer digits of n
v number of visible fraction digits in n, with trailing zeros
w number of visible fraction digits in n, without trailing zeros
f visible fractional digits in n, with trailing zeros
t visible fractional digits in n, without trailing zeros
c/e compact decimal exponent operands used by some CLDR compact-number rules

Cardinalities

CARDINALITY_ONE

CARDINALITY_OTHER

Cardinality example

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Cardinality Ranges

CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_ONE

CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_OTHER

CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Ordinalities

ORDINALITY_ONE

ORDINALITY_TWO

ORDINALITY_FEW

ORDINALITY_MANY

ORDINALITY_OTHER

Ordinality example

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Language-Specific Examples

Gender agreement in an arrival message

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Addendum: Language Form Rules