Lokalized - Languages - Swedish

Cardinalities

CARDINALITY_ONE

Matches i = 1 and v = 0

Example Integers: 1
CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches all other values

Example Integers: 0, 2, 16, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, …

Example Decimals: 0.0, 1.5, 10.0, 100.0, 1000.0, 10000.0, 100000.0, 1000000.0, …

Cardinality example

This localized strings example uses complete, page-local CLDR minimal-pair patterns to demonstrate every cardinality category defined for the locale. Minimal-pair text contrasts grammatical forms; it is language-reference data, not reusable application copy.

Source: Unicode CLDR 48.2 sv locale data.

Sample localized strings file

sv.json Localized Strings File (Swedish)

{
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair": {
    "commentary": "Demonstrates every CLDR cardinal category defined for this locale.",
    "translation": "{{cardinalityExample}}",
    "placeholders": {
      "cardinalityExample": {
        "value": "cardinalityValue",
        "translations": {
          "CARDINALITY_ONE": "om {{formattedCardinalityValue}} dag",
          "CARDINALITY_OTHER": "om {{formattedCardinalityValue}} dagar"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

The JavaScript code passes each raw number for cardinality selection and formats its display value separately with Intl.NumberFormat.

import { cardinalityForNumber, createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "sv";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
});

const numberFormat = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; Intl.NumberFormat produces the display values

// CARDINALITY_ONE
const oneCardinality = 1;
const oneFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(oneCardinality);

cardinalityForNumber(oneCardinality, locale).name;   // => "CARDINALITY_ONE"
strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", {
  cardinalityValue: oneCardinality,
  formattedCardinalityValue: oneFormattedCardinalityValue,
});   // => "om 1 dag"

// CARDINALITY_OTHER
const otherCardinality = 0;
const otherFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(otherCardinality);

cardinalityForNumber(otherCardinality, locale).name;   // => "CARDINALITY_OTHER"
strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", {
  cardinalityValue: otherCardinality,
  formattedCardinalityValue: otherFormattedCardinalityValue,
});   // => "om 0 dagar"

Java

The Java code passes each raw number for cardinality selection and formats its display value separately with NumberFormat.

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("sv");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; NumberFormat produces the display values

// CARDINALITY_ONE
Number oneCardinality = 1;
String oneFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(oneCardinality);

assertEquals(Cardinality.ONE, Cardinality.forNumber(oneCardinality, locale));

// Expected: om 1 dag
assertEquals("om " + oneFormattedCardinalityValue + " dag", strings.get(
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("cardinalityValue", oneCardinality, "formattedCardinalityValue", oneFormattedCardinalityValue)
));

// CARDINALITY_OTHER
Number otherCardinality = 0;
String otherFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(otherCardinality);

assertEquals(Cardinality.OTHER, Cardinality.forNumber(otherCardinality, locale));

// Expected: om 0 dagar
assertEquals("om " + otherFormattedCardinalityValue + " dagar", strings.get(
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair",
  Map.of(
    "cardinalityValue", otherCardinality,
    "formattedCardinalityValue", otherFormattedCardinalityValue
  )
));

Swift

Swift uses pinned CLDR rules for raw numeric values. The display strings in these assertions are fixed examples; applications format display values separately with Foundation. Default .rtlLocales bidi isolation adds FSI/PDI to interpolated values in right-to-left output.

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("sv")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

// CARDINALITY_ONE
let number1 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("1")
let category1 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number1, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category1 == .one)
// This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible.
let display1 = "1"
let message1 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "cardinalityValue": .number(number1),
  "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display1),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("om 1 dag"))

// CARDINALITY_OTHER
let number2 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("0")
let category2 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number2, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category2 == .other)
// This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible.
let display2 = "0"
let message2 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "cardinalityValue": .number(number2),
  "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display2),
])
assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("om 0 dagar"))

Cardinality Ranges

These are CLDR's explicit range mappings. For any start/end pair not listed, the range falls back to the ending cardinality.

CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches CARDINALITY_OTHER
CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_ONE

Matches CARDINALITY_OTHER
CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches CARDINALITY_OTHER

Ordinalities

ORDINALITY_ONE

Matches n % 10 = 1,2 and n % 100 != 11,12

Example Integers: 1, 2, 21, 22, 31, 32, 41, 42, 51, 52, 61, 62, 71, 72, 81, 82, 101, 1001, …
ORDINALITY_OTHER

Matches all other values

Example Integers: 0, 3, 17, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, …

Ordinality example

This localized strings example uses complete CLDR minimal-pair patterns to demonstrate every ordinality category defined for the locale.

Source: Unicode CLDR 48.2 sv locale data.

Sample localized strings file

sv.json Localized Strings File (Swedish)

{
  "Ordinal.MinimalPair": {
    "commentary": "Demonstrates every CLDR ordinal category defined for this locale.",
    "translation": "{{ordinalExample}}",
    "placeholders": {
      "ordinalExample": {
        "value": "ordinalValue",
        "translations": {
          "ORDINALITY_ONE": "Ta {{formattedOrdinalValue}}:a svängen till höger",
          "ORDINALITY_OTHER": "Ta {{formattedOrdinalValue}}:e svängen till höger"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

The JavaScript code passes each raw number to ordinalityForNumber(...) and formats its display value separately with Intl.NumberFormat. Ordinal rules are an optional import, lokalized/data/ordinal.

import { createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { ordinalData, ordinalityForNumber } from "lokalized/data/ordinal";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "sv";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
  pluralData: { ordinal: ordinalData },
});

const numberFormat = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; Intl.NumberFormat produces the display values

// ORDINALITY_ONE
const oneOrdinalValue = 1;
const oneFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(oneOrdinalValue);

ordinalityForNumber(oneOrdinalValue, locale).name;   // => "ORDINALITY_ONE"
strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", {
  ordinalValue: oneOrdinalValue,
  formattedOrdinalValue: oneFormattedOrdinalValue,
});   // => "Ta 1:a svängen till höger"

// ORDINALITY_OTHER
const otherOrdinalValue = 3;
const otherFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(otherOrdinalValue);

ordinalityForNumber(otherOrdinalValue, locale).name;   // => "ORDINALITY_OTHER"
strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", {
  ordinalValue: otherOrdinalValue,
  formattedOrdinalValue: otherFormattedOrdinalValue,
});   // => "Ta 3:e svängen till höger"

Java

The Java code passes each raw number to Ordinality.forNumber(...) and formats its display value separately with NumberFormat.

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("sv");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; NumberFormat produces the display values

// ORDINALITY_ONE
Number oneOrdinalValue = 1;
String oneFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(oneOrdinalValue);

assertEquals(Ordinality.ONE, Ordinality.forNumber(oneOrdinalValue, locale));

// Expected: Ta 1:a svängen till höger
assertEquals("Ta " + oneFormattedOrdinalValue + ":a svängen till höger", strings.get(
  "Ordinal.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("ordinalValue", oneOrdinalValue, "formattedOrdinalValue", oneFormattedOrdinalValue)
));

// ORDINALITY_OTHER
Number otherOrdinalValue = 3;
String otherFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(otherOrdinalValue);

assertEquals(Ordinality.OTHER, Ordinality.forNumber(otherOrdinalValue, locale));

// Expected: Ta 3:e svängen till höger
assertEquals("Ta " + otherFormattedOrdinalValue + ":e svängen till höger", strings.get(
  "Ordinal.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("ordinalValue", otherOrdinalValue, "formattedOrdinalValue", otherFormattedOrdinalValue)
));

Swift

Swift uses pinned CLDR rules for raw numeric values. The display strings in these assertions are fixed examples; applications format display values separately with Foundation. Default .rtlLocales bidi isolation adds FSI/PDI to interpolated values in right-to-left output.

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("sv")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

let number1 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("1")
let category1 = try Ordinality.forNumber(number1, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category1 == .one)
let message1 = try strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "ordinalValue": .number(number1),
  "formattedOrdinalValue": .text("1"),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("Ta 1:a svängen till höger"))

let number2 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("3")
let category2 = try Ordinality.forNumber(number2, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category2 == .other)
let message2 = try strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "ordinalValue": .number(number2),
  "formattedOrdinalValue": .text("3"),
])
assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("Ta 3:e svängen till höger"))

Language-Specific Examples

These examples show how Lokalized models grammatical choices and translation behavior that commonly affect Swedish application copy. Each example identifies the Lokalized language forms and other library features it uses.

Common and neuter adjective agreement

Swedish commonly distinguishes en words from ett words, and the adjective changes with that noun class: en ny bok but ett nytt brev.

Language references: Swedish Language Council - en/ett gender and adjective agreement, Swedish Academy - ny, nytt, nya

Language forms used: gender

Sample localized strings file

sv.json Localized Strings File (Swedish)

{
  "Open {{item}}.": {
    "translation": "Öppna {{item}}.",
    "placeholders": {
      "item": {
        "value": "gender",
        "translations": {
          "GENDER_COMMON": "en ny bok",
          "GENDER_NEUTER": "ett nytt brev"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

import { GENDER_COMMON, GENDER_NEUTER, createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "sv";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
});

strings.get("Open {{item}}.", { gender: GENDER_COMMON });   // => "Öppna en ny bok."
strings.get("Open {{item}}.", { gender: GENDER_NEUTER });   // => "Öppna ett nytt brev."

Java

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("sv");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

assertEquals("Öppna en ny bok.", strings.get(
  "Open {{item}}.", Map.of("gender", Gender.COMMON)
));

assertEquals("Öppna ett nytt brev.", strings.get(
  "Open {{item}}.", Map.of("gender", Gender.NEUTER)
));

Swift

Swift uses pinned CLDR rules for raw numeric values. The display strings in these assertions are fixed examples; applications format display values separately with Foundation. Default .rtlLocales bidi isolation adds FSI/PDI to interpolated values in right-to-left output.

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("sv")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

let message1 = try strings.get("Open {{item}}.", placeholders: [
  "gender": .languageForm(.gender(.common)),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("Öppna en ny bok."))

let message2 = try strings.get("Open {{item}}.", placeholders: [
  "gender": .languageForm(.gender(.neuter)),
])
assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("Öppna ett nytt brev."))

Definite and indefinite noun phrases

Swedish definiteness is often expressed with a suffix on the noun rather than a separate article.

Language references: Swedish Academy Grammar - indefinite and definite noun forms, Svensk ordbok - fil, filen, filer

Language forms used: definiteness

Sample localized strings file

sv.json Localized Strings File (Swedish)

{
  "Save {{document}}.": {
    "translation": "Spara {{document}}.",
    "placeholders": {
      "document": {
        "value": "definiteness",
        "translations": {
          "DEFINITENESS_INDEFINITE": "en fil",
          "DEFINITENESS_DEFINITE": "filen"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

import { DEFINITENESS_DEFINITE, DEFINITENESS_INDEFINITE, createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "sv";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
});

strings.get("Save {{document}}.", { definiteness: DEFINITENESS_INDEFINITE });   // => "Spara en fil."
strings.get("Save {{document}}.", { definiteness: DEFINITENESS_DEFINITE });   // => "Spara filen."

Java

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("sv");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

assertEquals("Spara en fil.", strings.get(
  "Save {{document}}.", Map.of("definiteness", Definiteness.INDEFINITE)
));

assertEquals("Spara filen.", strings.get(
  "Save {{document}}.", Map.of("definiteness", Definiteness.DEFINITE)
));

Swift

Swift uses pinned CLDR rules for raw numeric values. The display strings in these assertions are fixed examples; applications format display values separately with Foundation. Default .rtlLocales bidi isolation adds FSI/PDI to interpolated values in right-to-left output.

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("sv")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

let message1 = try strings.get("Save {{document}}.", placeholders: [
  "definiteness": .languageForm(.definiteness(.indefinite)),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("Spara en fil."))

let message2 = try strings.get("Save {{document}}.", placeholders: [
  "definiteness": .languageForm(.definiteness(.definite)),
])
assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("Spara filen."))

Addendum: Language Form Rules

The language form expressions above are specified by Unicode Technical Standard #35 and use the following notation:

n absolute value of the source number (integer and decimals)
i integer digits of n
v number of visible fraction digits in n, with trailing zeros
w number of visible fraction digits in n, without trailing zeros
f visible fractional digits in n, with trailing zeros
t visible fractional digits in n, without trailing zeros
c/e compact decimal exponent operands used by some CLDR compact-number rules

Cardinalities

CARDINALITY_ONE

CARDINALITY_OTHER

Cardinality example

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Cardinality Ranges

CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_OTHER

CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_ONE

CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Ordinalities

ORDINALITY_ONE

ORDINALITY_OTHER

Ordinality example

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Language-Specific Examples

Common and neuter adjective agreement

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Definite and indefinite noun phrases

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Addendum: Language Form Rules