Lokalized - Languages - Polish

Cardinalities

CARDINALITY_ONE

Matches i = 1 and v = 0

Example Integers: 1
CARDINALITY_FEW

Matches v = 0 and i % 10 = 2..4 and i % 100 != 12..14

Example Integers: 2, 4, 22, 24, 32, 34, 42, 44, 52, 54, 62, 102, 1002, …
CARDINALITY_MANY

Matches v = 0 and i != 1 and i % 10 = 0..1 or v = 0 and i % 10 = 5..9 or v = 0 and i % 100 = 12..14

Example Integers: 0, 5, 19, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, …
CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches all other values

Example Decimals: 0.0, 1.5, 10.0, 100.0, 1000.0, 10000.0, 100000.0, 1000000.0, …

Cardinality example

This localized strings example uses complete, page-local CLDR minimal-pair patterns to demonstrate every cardinality category defined for the locale. Minimal-pair text contrasts grammatical forms; it is language-reference data, not reusable application copy.

Source: Unicode CLDR 48.2 pl locale data.

Sample localized strings file

pl.json Localized Strings File (Polish)

{
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair": {
    "commentary": "Demonstrates every CLDR cardinal category defined for this locale.",
    "translation": "{{cardinalityExample}}",
    "placeholders": {
      "cardinalityExample": {
        "value": "cardinalityValue",
        "translations": {
          "CARDINALITY_ONE": "{{formattedCardinalityValue}} miesiąc",
          "CARDINALITY_FEW": "{{formattedCardinalityValue}} miesiące",
          "CARDINALITY_MANY": "{{formattedCardinalityValue}} miesięcy",
          "CARDINALITY_OTHER": "{{formattedCardinalityValue}} miesiąca"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

The JavaScript code passes each raw number for cardinality selection and formats its display value separately with Intl.NumberFormat.

import { cardinalityForNumber, createStrings, decimal } from "lokalized";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "pl";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
});

const numberFormat = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; Intl.NumberFormat produces the display values

// CARDINALITY_ONE
const oneCardinality = 1;
const oneFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(oneCardinality);

cardinalityForNumber(oneCardinality, locale).name;   // => "CARDINALITY_ONE"
strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", {
  cardinalityValue: oneCardinality,
  formattedCardinalityValue: oneFormattedCardinalityValue,
});   // => "1 miesiąc"

// CARDINALITY_FEW
const fewCardinality = 2;
const fewFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(fewCardinality);

cardinalityForNumber(fewCardinality, locale).name;   // => "CARDINALITY_FEW"
strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", {
  cardinalityValue: fewCardinality,
  formattedCardinalityValue: fewFormattedCardinalityValue,
});   // => "2 miesiące"

// CARDINALITY_MANY
const manyCardinality = 0;
const manyFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(manyCardinality);

cardinalityForNumber(manyCardinality, locale).name;   // => "CARDINALITY_MANY"
strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", {
  cardinalityValue: manyCardinality,
  formattedCardinalityValue: manyFormattedCardinalityValue,
});   // => "0 miesięcy"

// CARDINALITY_OTHER
const otherCardinality = decimal("0.0");
const otherFormattedCardinalityValue = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale, { minimumFractionDigits: 1, maximumFractionDigits: 1 })
  .format("0.0");

cardinalityForNumber(otherCardinality, locale).name;   // => "CARDINALITY_OTHER"
strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", {
  cardinalityValue: otherCardinality,
  formattedCardinalityValue: otherFormattedCardinalityValue,
});   // => "0,0 miesiąca"

Java

The Java code passes each raw number for cardinality selection and formats its display value separately with NumberFormat.

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("pl");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; NumberFormat produces the display values

// CARDINALITY_ONE
Number oneCardinality = 1;
String oneFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(oneCardinality);

assertEquals(Cardinality.ONE, Cardinality.forNumber(oneCardinality, locale));

// Expected: 1 miesiąc
assertEquals(oneFormattedCardinalityValue + " miesiąc", strings.get(
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("cardinalityValue", oneCardinality, "formattedCardinalityValue", oneFormattedCardinalityValue)
));

// CARDINALITY_FEW
Number fewCardinality = 2;
String fewFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(fewCardinality);

assertEquals(Cardinality.FEW, Cardinality.forNumber(fewCardinality, locale));

// Expected: 2 miesiące
assertEquals(fewFormattedCardinalityValue + " miesiące", strings.get(
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair",
  Map.of("cardinalityValue", fewCardinality, "formattedCardinalityValue", fewFormattedCardinalityValue)
));

// CARDINALITY_MANY
Number manyCardinality = 0;
String manyFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(manyCardinality);

assertEquals(Cardinality.MANY, Cardinality.forNumber(manyCardinality, locale));

// Expected: 0 miesięcy
assertEquals(manyFormattedCardinalityValue + " miesięcy", strings.get(
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair",
  Map.of(
    "cardinalityValue", manyCardinality,
    "formattedCardinalityValue", manyFormattedCardinalityValue
  )
));

// CARDINALITY_OTHER
Number otherCardinality = new java.math.BigDecimal("0.0");
NumberFormat otherCardinalityFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale);
otherCardinalityFormat.setMinimumFractionDigits(1);
otherCardinalityFormat.setMaximumFractionDigits(1);
String otherFormattedCardinalityValue = otherCardinalityFormat.format(otherCardinality);

assertEquals(Cardinality.OTHER, Cardinality.forNumber(otherCardinality, locale));

// Expected: 0,0 miesiąca
assertEquals(otherFormattedCardinalityValue + " miesiąca", strings.get(
  "Cardinality.MinimalPair",
  Map.of(
    "cardinalityValue", otherCardinality,
    "formattedCardinalityValue", otherFormattedCardinalityValue
  )
));

Swift

Swift uses pinned CLDR rules for raw numeric values. The display strings in these assertions are fixed examples; applications format display values separately with Foundation. Default .rtlLocales bidi isolation adds FSI/PDI to interpolated values in right-to-left output.

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("pl")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

// CARDINALITY_ONE
let number1 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("1")
let category1 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number1, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category1 == .one)
// This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible.
let display1 = "1"
let message1 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "cardinalityValue": .number(number1),
  "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display1),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("1 miesiąc"))

// CARDINALITY_FEW
let number2 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("2")
let category2 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number2, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category2 == .few)
// This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible.
let display2 = "2"
let message2 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "cardinalityValue": .number(number2),
  "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display2),
])
assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("2 miesiące"))

// CARDINALITY_MANY
let number3 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("0")
let category3 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number3, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category3 == .many)
// This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible.
let display3 = "0"
let message3 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "cardinalityValue": .number(number3),
  "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display3),
])
assert(ExactString(message3) == ExactString("0 miesięcy"))

// CARDINALITY_OTHER
let number4 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("0.0")
let category4 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number4, locale: locale.tag)
assert(category4 == .other)
// This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible.
let display4 = "0,0"
let message4 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [
  "cardinalityValue": .number(number4),
  "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display4),
])
assert(ExactString(message4) == ExactString("0,0 miesiąca"))

Cardinality Ranges

These are CLDR's explicit range mappings. For any start/end pair not listed, the range falls back to the ending cardinality.

CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_FEW

Matches CARDINALITY_FEW
CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_MANY

Matches CARDINALITY_MANY
CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches CARDINALITY_OTHER
CARDINALITY_FEW - CARDINALITY_FEW

Matches CARDINALITY_FEW
CARDINALITY_FEW - CARDINALITY_MANY

Matches CARDINALITY_MANY
CARDINALITY_FEW - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches CARDINALITY_OTHER
CARDINALITY_MANY - CARDINALITY_ONE

Matches CARDINALITY_ONE
CARDINALITY_MANY - CARDINALITY_FEW

Matches CARDINALITY_FEW
CARDINALITY_MANY - CARDINALITY_MANY

Matches CARDINALITY_MANY
CARDINALITY_MANY - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches CARDINALITY_OTHER
CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_ONE

Matches CARDINALITY_ONE
CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_FEW

Matches CARDINALITY_FEW
CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_MANY

Matches CARDINALITY_MANY
CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Matches CARDINALITY_OTHER

Cardinality range example

The start and end cardinalities select the locale's CLDR range result. The selected form wraps a separately formatted display range.

Sample localized strings file

pl.json Localized Strings File (Polish)

{
  "Delivery.Window": {
    "commentary": "Estimated delivery window, expressed as a range of days.",
    "translation": "{{window}}",
    "placeholders": {
      "window": {
        "range": {
          "start": "minDays",
          "end": "maxDays"
        },
        "translations": {
          "CARDINALITY_ONE": "{{formattedDayRange}} dzień",
          "CARDINALITY_FEW": "{{formattedDayRange}} dni",
          "CARDINALITY_MANY": "{{formattedDayRange}} dni",
          "CARDINALITY_OTHER": "{{formattedDayRange}} dnia"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

The JavaScript code passes raw range endpoints for selection, formats both endpoints separately with Intl.NumberFormat, and joins them for display; choose range punctuation appropriate to your application. Range rules are an optional import, lokalized/data/ranges.

import { cardinalityForNumber, createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { cardinalRangeData, cardinalityForRange } from "lokalized/data/ranges";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "pl";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
  pluralData: { ranges: cardinalRangeData },
});

const numberFormat = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; Intl.NumberFormat produces the display values

// CARDINALITY_FEW range
const minDays = 1;
const formattedMinDays = numberFormat.format(minDays);
const maxDays = 2;
const formattedMaxDays = numberFormat.format(maxDays);
const formattedDayRange = formattedMinDays + "-" + formattedMaxDays;

cardinalityForRange(
  cardinalityForNumber(minDays, locale),
  cardinalityForNumber(maxDays, locale),
  locale
).name;   // => "CARDINALITY_FEW"
strings.get("Delivery.Window", { minDays, maxDays, formattedDayRange });   // => "1-2 dni"

Java

The Java code passes raw range endpoints for selection. Because NumberFormat formats one number at a time, it formats both endpoints separately and joins them for display; choose range punctuation appropriate to your application.

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("pl");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale);

// Raw numbers select language forms; NumberFormat produces the display values

// CARDINALITY_FEW range
Number minDays = 1;
String formattedMinDays = numberFormat.format(minDays);
Number maxDays = 2;
String formattedMaxDays = numberFormat.format(maxDays);
String formattedDayRange = formattedMinDays + "-" + formattedMaxDays;

assertEquals(Cardinality.FEW, Cardinality.forRange(
  Cardinality.forNumber(minDays, locale),
  Cardinality.forNumber(maxDays, locale),
  locale
));

// Expected: 1-2 dni
assertEquals(formattedDayRange + " dni", strings.get(
  "Delivery.Window",
  Map.of("minDays", minDays, "maxDays", maxDays, "formattedDayRange", formattedDayRange)
));

Swift

Swift uses pinned CLDR rules for raw numeric values. The display strings in these assertions are fixed examples; applications format display values separately with Foundation. Default .rtlLocales bidi isolation adds FSI/PDI to interpolated values in right-to-left output.

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("pl")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

let start = try NumericValue.forDecimal("1")
let end = try NumericValue.forDecimal("2")
let startForm = try Cardinality.forNumber(start, locale: locale.tag)
let endForm = try Cardinality.forNumber(end, locale: locale.tag)
let rangeForm = try Cardinality.forRange(startForm, endForm, locale: locale.tag)
assert(rangeForm == .few)
let message1 = try strings.get("Delivery.Window", placeholders: [
  "minDays": .number(start),
  "maxDays": .number(end),
  "formattedDayRange": .text("1-2"),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("1-2 dni"))

Ordinalities

All ordinal numbers use ORDINALITY_OTHER; no value selects a different form.

Example: Skręć w 2. w prawo..

Language-Specific Examples

These examples show how Lokalized models grammatical choices and translation behavior that commonly affect Polish application copy. Each example identifies the Lokalized language forms and other library features it uses.

A personal name in three grammatical cases

One reusable localized name carries the forms needed when Anna is the subject, an indirect object, or a direct object.

Language reference: University of Warsaw Language Advice: declension of Anna

Language forms used: grammatical case

Sample localized strings file

pl.json Localized Strings File (Polish)

{
  "Anna": {
    "translation": "{{person}}",
    "placeholders": {
      "person": {
        "value": "grammaticalCase",
        "translations": {
          "CASE_NOMINATIVE": "Anna",
          "CASE_DATIVE": "Annie",
          "CASE_ACCUSATIVE": "Annę"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

import { CASE_ACCUSATIVE, CASE_DATIVE, CASE_NOMINATIVE, createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "pl";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
});

strings.get("Anna", { grammaticalCase: CASE_NOMINATIVE });   // => "Anna"
strings.get("Anna", { grammaticalCase: CASE_DATIVE });   // => "Annie"
strings.get("Anna", { grammaticalCase: CASE_ACCUSATIVE });   // => "Annę"

Java

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("pl");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

assertEquals("Anna", strings.get(
  "Anna", Map.of("grammaticalCase", GrammaticalCase.NOMINATIVE)
));

assertEquals("Annie", strings.get(
  "Anna", Map.of("grammaticalCase", GrammaticalCase.DATIVE)
));

assertEquals("Annę", strings.get(
  "Anna", Map.of("grammaticalCase", GrammaticalCase.ACCUSATIVE)
));

Swift

Swift uses pinned CLDR rules for raw numeric values. The display strings in these assertions are fixed examples; applications format display values separately with Foundation. Default .rtlLocales bidi isolation adds FSI/PDI to interpolated values in right-to-left output.

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("pl")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

let message1 = try strings.get("Anna", placeholders: [
  "grammaticalCase": .languageForm(.grammaticalCase(.nominative)),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("Anna"))

let message2 = try strings.get("Anna", placeholders: [
  "grammaticalCase": .languageForm(.grammaticalCase(.dative)),
])
assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("Annie"))

let message3 = try strings.get("Anna", placeholders: [
  "grammaticalCase": .languageForm(.grammaticalCase(.accusative)),
])
assert(ExactString(message3) == ExactString("Annę"))

Singular subject and adjective agreement

For singular human referents, this example covers masculine and feminine personal names plus the grammatically neuter noun dziecko. Polish plural agreement and masculine subgenders require separate modeling.

Language reference: Polish Language Council: grammatical gender in Polish

Language forms used: gender

Sample localized strings file

pl.json Localized Strings File (Polish)

{
  "{{person}} is ready.": {
    "translation": "{{person}} jest {{ready}}.",
    "placeholders": {
      "ready": {
        "value": "gender",
        "translations": {
          "GENDER_MASCULINE": "gotowy",
          "GENDER_FEMININE": "gotowa",
          "GENDER_NEUTER": "gotowe"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage and expected results

JavaScript

import { GENDER_FEMININE, GENDER_MASCULINE, GENDER_NEUTER, createStrings } from "lokalized";
import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node";

const locale = "pl";

const strings = createStrings({
  localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs,
  fallbackLocale: locale,
  localeSupplier: () => locale,
});

strings.get("{{person}} is ready.", { person: "Marek", gender: GENDER_MASCULINE });   // => "Marek jest gotowy."
strings.get("{{person}} is ready.", { person: "Anna", gender: GENDER_FEMININE });   // => "Anna jest gotowa."
strings.get("{{person}} is ready.", { person: "Dziecko", gender: GENDER_NEUTER });   // => "Dziecko jest gotowe."

Java

Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("pl");

Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale)
  .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings")))
  .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale))
  .build();

assertEquals("Marek jest gotowy.", strings.get(
  "{{person}} is ready.", Map.of("person", "Marek", "gender", Gender.MASCULINE)
));

assertEquals("Anna jest gotowa.", strings.get(
  "{{person}} is ready.", Map.of("person", "Anna", "gender", Gender.FEMININE)
));

assertEquals("Dziecko jest gotowe.", strings.get(
  "{{person}} is ready.", Map.of("person", "Dziecko", "gender", Gender.NEUTER)
));

Swift

Swift uses pinned CLDR rules for raw numeric values. The display strings in these assertions are fixed examples; applications format display values separately with Foundation. Default .rtlLocales bidi isolation adds FSI/PDI to interpolated values in right-to-left output.

import Foundation
import Lokalized

let locale = try LocaleTag("pl")
let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings"))
let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) }

let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration(
  localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale },
  fallbackLocale: locale
))

let message1 = try strings.get("{{person}} is ready.", placeholders: [
  "person": .text("Marek"),
  "gender": .languageForm(.gender(.masculine)),
])
assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("Marek jest gotowy."))

let message2 = try strings.get("{{person}} is ready.", placeholders: [
  "person": .text("Anna"),
  "gender": .languageForm(.gender(.feminine)),
])
assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("Anna jest gotowa."))

let message3 = try strings.get("{{person}} is ready.", placeholders: [
  "person": .text("Dziecko"),
  "gender": .languageForm(.gender(.neuter)),
])
assert(ExactString(message3) == ExactString("Dziecko jest gotowe."))

Addendum: Language Form Rules

The language form expressions above are specified by Unicode Technical Standard #35 and use the following notation:

n absolute value of the source number (integer and decimals)
i integer digits of n
v number of visible fraction digits in n, with trailing zeros
w number of visible fraction digits in n, without trailing zeros
f visible fractional digits in n, with trailing zeros
t visible fractional digits in n, without trailing zeros
c/e compact decimal exponent operands used by some CLDR compact-number rules

Cardinalities

CARDINALITY_ONE

CARDINALITY_FEW

CARDINALITY_MANY

CARDINALITY_OTHER

Cardinality example

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Cardinality Ranges

CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_FEW

CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_MANY

CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_OTHER

CARDINALITY_FEW - CARDINALITY_FEW

CARDINALITY_FEW - CARDINALITY_MANY

CARDINALITY_FEW - CARDINALITY_OTHER

CARDINALITY_MANY - CARDINALITY_ONE

CARDINALITY_MANY - CARDINALITY_FEW

CARDINALITY_MANY - CARDINALITY_MANY

CARDINALITY_MANY - CARDINALITY_OTHER

CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_ONE

CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_FEW

CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_MANY

CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_OTHER

Cardinality range example

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Ordinalities

Language-Specific Examples

A personal name in three grammatical cases

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Singular subject and adjective agreement

Sample localized strings file

Usage and expected results

Addendum: Language Form Rules