Cardinalities
-
CARDINALITY_ONE
Matches
n % 10 = 1 and n % 100 != 11Example Integers:
1, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 101, 1001, …Example Decimals:
1.0, 21.0, 31.0, 41.0, 51.0, 61.0, 71.0, 81.0, 101.0, 1001.0, … -
CARDINALITY_FEW
Matches
n % 10 = 2..4 and n % 100 != 12..14Example Integers:
2, 4, 22, 24, 32, 34, 42, 44, 52, 54, 62, 102, 1002, …Example Decimals:
2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 32.0, 33.0, 102.0, 1002.0, … -
CARDINALITY_MANY
Matches
n % 10 = 0 or n % 10 = 5..9 or n % 100 = 11..14Example Integers:
0, 5, 19, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, …Example Decimals:
0.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 100.0, 1000.0, 10000.0, 100000.0, 1000000.0, … -
CARDINALITY_OTHER
Matches
all other valuesExample Decimals:
0.1, 0.9, 1.1, 1.7, 10.1, 100.1, 1000.1, …
Cardinality example
This localized strings example uses complete, page-local CLDR minimal-pair patterns to demonstrate every cardinality category defined for the locale. Minimal-pair text contrasts grammatical forms; it is language-reference data, not reusable application copy.
Source: Unicode CLDR 48.2 be locale data.
Sample localized strings file
{ "Cardinality.MinimalPair": { "commentary": "Demonstrates every CLDR cardinal category defined for this locale.", "translation": "{{cardinalityExample}}", "placeholders": { "cardinalityExample": { "value": "cardinalityValue", "translations": { "CARDINALITY_ONE": "з {{formattedCardinalityValue}} кнігі за {{formattedCardinalityValue}} дзень", "CARDINALITY_FEW": "з {{formattedCardinalityValue}} кніг за {{formattedCardinalityValue}} дні", "CARDINALITY_MANY": "з {{formattedCardinalityValue}} кніг за {{formattedCardinalityValue}} дзён", "CARDINALITY_OTHER": "з {{formattedCardinalityValue}} кнігі за {{formattedCardinalityValue}} дня" } } } } }
Usage and expected results
JavaScript
The JavaScript code passes each raw number for cardinality selection and formats its display value separately with Intl.NumberFormat.
import { cardinalityForNumber, createStrings, decimal } from "lokalized"; import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node"; const locale = "be"; const strings = createStrings({ localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs, fallbackLocale: locale, localeSupplier: () => locale, }); const numberFormat = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale); // Raw numbers select language forms; Intl.NumberFormat produces the display values // CARDINALITY_ONE const oneCardinality = 1; const oneFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(oneCardinality); cardinalityForNumber(oneCardinality, locale).name; // => "CARDINALITY_ONE" strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", { cardinalityValue: oneCardinality, formattedCardinalityValue: oneFormattedCardinalityValue, }); // => "з 1 кнігі за 1 дзень" // CARDINALITY_FEW const fewCardinality = 2; const fewFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(fewCardinality); cardinalityForNumber(fewCardinality, locale).name; // => "CARDINALITY_FEW" strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", { cardinalityValue: fewCardinality, formattedCardinalityValue: fewFormattedCardinalityValue, }); // => "з 2 кніг за 2 дні" // CARDINALITY_MANY const manyCardinality = 0; const manyFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(manyCardinality); cardinalityForNumber(manyCardinality, locale).name; // => "CARDINALITY_MANY" strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", { cardinalityValue: manyCardinality, formattedCardinalityValue: manyFormattedCardinalityValue, }); // => "з 0 кніг за 0 дзён" // CARDINALITY_OTHER const otherCardinality = decimal("0.1"); const otherFormattedCardinalityValue = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale, { minimumFractionDigits: 1, maximumFractionDigits: 1 }) .format("0.1"); cardinalityForNumber(otherCardinality, locale).name; // => "CARDINALITY_OTHER" strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", { cardinalityValue: otherCardinality, formattedCardinalityValue: otherFormattedCardinalityValue, }); // => "з 0,1 кнігі за 0,1 дня"
Java
The Java code passes each raw number for cardinality selection and formats its display value separately with NumberFormat.
Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("be"); Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale) .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings"))) .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale)) .build(); NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale); // Raw numbers select language forms; NumberFormat produces the display values // CARDINALITY_ONE Number oneCardinality = 1; String oneFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(oneCardinality); assertEquals(Cardinality.ONE, Cardinality.forNumber(oneCardinality, locale)); // Expected: з 1 кнігі за 1 дзень assertEquals( "з " + oneFormattedCardinalityValue + " кнігі за " + oneFormattedCardinalityValue + " дзень", strings.get( "Cardinality.MinimalPair", Map.of( "cardinalityValue", oneCardinality, "formattedCardinalityValue", oneFormattedCardinalityValue ) ) ); // CARDINALITY_FEW Number fewCardinality = 2; String fewFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(fewCardinality); assertEquals(Cardinality.FEW, Cardinality.forNumber(fewCardinality, locale)); // Expected: з 2 кніг за 2 дні assertEquals( "з " + fewFormattedCardinalityValue + " кніг за " + fewFormattedCardinalityValue + " дні", strings.get( "Cardinality.MinimalPair", Map.of( "cardinalityValue", fewCardinality, "formattedCardinalityValue", fewFormattedCardinalityValue ) ) ); // CARDINALITY_MANY Number manyCardinality = 0; String manyFormattedCardinalityValue = numberFormat.format(manyCardinality); assertEquals(Cardinality.MANY, Cardinality.forNumber(manyCardinality, locale)); // Expected: з 0 кніг за 0 дзён assertEquals( "з " + manyFormattedCardinalityValue + " кніг за " + manyFormattedCardinalityValue + " дзён", strings.get( "Cardinality.MinimalPair", Map.of( "cardinalityValue", manyCardinality, "formattedCardinalityValue", manyFormattedCardinalityValue ) ) ); // CARDINALITY_OTHER Number otherCardinality = new java.math.BigDecimal("0.1"); NumberFormat otherCardinalityFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale); otherCardinalityFormat.setMinimumFractionDigits(1); otherCardinalityFormat.setMaximumFractionDigits(1); String otherFormattedCardinalityValue = otherCardinalityFormat.format(otherCardinality); assertEquals(Cardinality.OTHER, Cardinality.forNumber(otherCardinality, locale)); // Expected: з 0,1 кнігі за 0,1 дня assertEquals( "з " + otherFormattedCardinalityValue + " кнігі за " + otherFormattedCardinalityValue + " дня", strings.get( "Cardinality.MinimalPair", Map.of( "cardinalityValue", otherCardinality, "formattedCardinalityValue", otherFormattedCardinalityValue ) ) );
Swift
Swift uses pinned CLDR rules for raw numeric values. The display strings in these assertions are fixed examples; applications format display values separately with Foundation. Default .rtlLocales bidi isolation adds FSI/PDI to interpolated values in right-to-left output.
import Foundation import Lokalized let locale = try LocaleTag("be") let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings")) let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) } let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration( localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale }, fallbackLocale: locale )) // CARDINALITY_ONE let number1 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("1") let category1 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number1, locale: locale.tag) assert(category1 == .one) // This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible. let display1 = "1" let message1 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [ "cardinalityValue": .number(number1), "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display1), ]) assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("з 1 кнігі за 1 дзень")) // CARDINALITY_FEW let number2 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("2") let category2 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number2, locale: locale.tag) assert(category2 == .few) // This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible. let display2 = "2" let message2 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [ "cardinalityValue": .number(number2), "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display2), ]) assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("з 2 кніг за 2 дні")) // CARDINALITY_MANY let number3 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("0") let category3 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number3, locale: locale.tag) assert(category3 == .many) // This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible. let display3 = "0" let message3 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [ "cardinalityValue": .number(number3), "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display3), ]) assert(ExactString(message3) == ExactString("з 0 кніг за 0 дзён")) // CARDINALITY_OTHER let number4 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("0.1") let category4 = try Cardinality.forNumber(number4, locale: locale.tag) assert(category4 == .other) // This fixed display value makes the translation assertion reproducible. let display4 = "0,1" let message4 = try strings.get("Cardinality.MinimalPair", placeholders: [ "cardinalityValue": .number(number4), "formattedCardinalityValue": .text(display4), ]) assert(ExactString(message4) == ExactString("з 0,1 кнігі за 0,1 дня"))
Cardinality Ranges
These are CLDR's explicit range mappings. For any start/end pair not listed, the range falls back to the ending cardinality.
-
CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_ONE
Matches
CARDINALITY_ONE -
CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_FEW
Matches
CARDINALITY_FEW -
CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_MANY
Matches
CARDINALITY_MANY -
CARDINALITY_ONE - CARDINALITY_OTHER
Matches
CARDINALITY_OTHER -
CARDINALITY_FEW - CARDINALITY_ONE
Matches
CARDINALITY_ONE -
CARDINALITY_FEW - CARDINALITY_FEW
Matches
CARDINALITY_FEW -
CARDINALITY_FEW - CARDINALITY_MANY
Matches
CARDINALITY_MANY -
CARDINALITY_FEW - CARDINALITY_OTHER
Matches
CARDINALITY_OTHER -
CARDINALITY_MANY - CARDINALITY_ONE
Matches
CARDINALITY_ONE -
CARDINALITY_MANY - CARDINALITY_FEW
Matches
CARDINALITY_FEW -
CARDINALITY_MANY - CARDINALITY_MANY
Matches
CARDINALITY_MANY -
CARDINALITY_MANY - CARDINALITY_OTHER
Matches
CARDINALITY_OTHER -
CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_ONE
Matches
CARDINALITY_ONE -
CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_FEW
Matches
CARDINALITY_FEW -
CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_MANY
Matches
CARDINALITY_MANY -
CARDINALITY_OTHER - CARDINALITY_OTHER
Matches
CARDINALITY_OTHER
Cardinality range example
The start and end cardinalities select the locale's CLDR range result. The selected form wraps a separately formatted display range.
Sample localized strings file
{ "Delivery.Window": { "commentary": "Estimated delivery window, expressed as a range of days.", "translation": "{{window}}", "placeholders": { "window": { "range": { "start": "minDays", "end": "maxDays" }, "translations": { "CARDINALITY_ONE": "{{formattedDayRange}} суткі", "CARDINALITY_FEW": "{{formattedDayRange}} сутак", "CARDINALITY_MANY": "{{formattedDayRange}} сутак", "CARDINALITY_OTHER": "{{formattedDayRange}} сутак" } } } } }
Usage and expected results
JavaScript
The JavaScript code passes raw range endpoints for selection, formats both endpoints separately with Intl.NumberFormat, and joins them for display; choose range punctuation appropriate to your application. Range rules are an optional import, lokalized/data/ranges.
import { cardinalityForNumber, createStrings } from "lokalized"; import { cardinalRangeData, cardinalityForRange } from "lokalized/data/ranges"; import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node"; const locale = "be"; const strings = createStrings({ localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs, fallbackLocale: locale, localeSupplier: () => locale, pluralData: { ranges: cardinalRangeData }, }); const numberFormat = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale); // Raw numbers select language forms; Intl.NumberFormat produces the display values // CARDINALITY_ONE range const minDays = 1; const formattedMinDays = numberFormat.format(minDays); const maxDays = 21; const formattedMaxDays = numberFormat.format(maxDays); const formattedDayRange = formattedMinDays + "-" + formattedMaxDays; cardinalityForRange( cardinalityForNumber(minDays, locale), cardinalityForNumber(maxDays, locale), locale ).name; // => "CARDINALITY_ONE" strings.get("Delivery.Window", { minDays, maxDays, formattedDayRange }); // => "1-21 суткі"
Java
The Java code passes raw range endpoints for selection. Because NumberFormat formats one number at a time, it formats both endpoints separately and joins them for display; choose range punctuation appropriate to your application.
Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("be"); Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale) .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings"))) .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale)) .build(); NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale); // Raw numbers select language forms; NumberFormat produces the display values // CARDINALITY_ONE range Number minDays = 1; String formattedMinDays = numberFormat.format(minDays); Number maxDays = 21; String formattedMaxDays = numberFormat.format(maxDays); String formattedDayRange = formattedMinDays + "-" + formattedMaxDays; assertEquals(Cardinality.ONE, Cardinality.forRange( Cardinality.forNumber(minDays, locale), Cardinality.forNumber(maxDays, locale), locale )); // Expected: 1-21 суткі assertEquals(formattedDayRange + " суткі", strings.get( "Delivery.Window", Map.of("minDays", minDays, "maxDays", maxDays, "formattedDayRange", formattedDayRange) ));
Swift
Swift uses pinned CLDR rules for raw numeric values. The display strings in these assertions are fixed examples; applications format display values separately with Foundation. Default .rtlLocales bidi isolation adds FSI/PDI to interpolated values in right-to-left output.
import Foundation import Lokalized let locale = try LocaleTag("be") let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings")) let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) } let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration( localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale }, fallbackLocale: locale )) let start = try NumericValue.forDecimal("1") let end = try NumericValue.forDecimal("21") let startForm = try Cardinality.forNumber(start, locale: locale.tag) let endForm = try Cardinality.forNumber(end, locale: locale.tag) let rangeForm = try Cardinality.forRange(startForm, endForm, locale: locale.tag) assert(rangeForm == .one) let message1 = try strings.get("Delivery.Window", placeholders: [ "minDays": .number(start), "maxDays": .number(end), "formattedDayRange": .text("1-21"), ]) assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("1-21 суткі"))
Ordinalities
-
ORDINALITY_FEW
Matches
n % 10 = 2,3 and n % 100 != 12,13Example Integers:
2, 3, 22, 23, 32, 33, 42, 43, 52, 53, 62, 63, 72, 73, 82, 83, 102, 1002, … -
ORDINALITY_OTHER
Matches
all other valuesExample Integers:
0, 1, 4, 17, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, …
Ordinality example
This localized strings example uses complete CLDR minimal-pair patterns to demonstrate every ordinality category defined for the locale.
Source: Unicode CLDR 48.2 be locale data.
Sample localized strings file
{ "Ordinal.MinimalPair": { "commentary": "Demonstrates every CLDR ordinal category defined for this locale.", "translation": "{{ordinalExample}}", "placeholders": { "ordinalExample": { "value": "ordinalValue", "translations": { "ORDINALITY_FEW": "{{formattedOrdinalValue}}-і дом злева", "ORDINALITY_OTHER": "{{formattedOrdinalValue}}-ы дом злева" } } } } }
Usage and expected results
JavaScript
The JavaScript code passes each raw number to ordinalityForNumber(...) and formats its display value separately with Intl.NumberFormat. Ordinal rules are an optional import, lokalized/data/ordinal.
import { createStrings } from "lokalized"; import { ordinalData, ordinalityForNumber } from "lokalized/data/ordinal"; import { readStringsFromDirectory } from "lokalized/node"; const locale = "be"; const strings = createStrings({ localizedStringSupplier: () => readStringsFromDirectory("strings").catalogs, fallbackLocale: locale, localeSupplier: () => locale, pluralData: { ordinal: ordinalData }, }); const numberFormat = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale); // Raw numbers select language forms; Intl.NumberFormat produces the display values // ORDINALITY_FEW const fewOrdinalValue = 2; const fewFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(fewOrdinalValue); ordinalityForNumber(fewOrdinalValue, locale).name; // => "ORDINALITY_FEW" strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", { ordinalValue: fewOrdinalValue, formattedOrdinalValue: fewFormattedOrdinalValue, }); // => "2-і дом злева" // ORDINALITY_OTHER const otherOrdinalValue = 1; const otherFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(otherOrdinalValue); ordinalityForNumber(otherOrdinalValue, locale).name; // => "ORDINALITY_OTHER" strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", { ordinalValue: otherOrdinalValue, formattedOrdinalValue: otherFormattedOrdinalValue, }); // => "1-ы дом злева"
Java
The Java code passes each raw number to Ordinality.forNumber(...) and formats its display value separately with NumberFormat.
Locale locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("be"); Strings strings = Strings.withFallbackLocale(locale) .localizedStringSupplier(() -> LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromFilesystem(Paths.get("strings"))) .localeSupplier((matcher) -> matcher.bestMatchFor(locale)) .build(); NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale); // Raw numbers select language forms; NumberFormat produces the display values // ORDINALITY_FEW Number fewOrdinalValue = 2; String fewFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(fewOrdinalValue); assertEquals(Ordinality.FEW, Ordinality.forNumber(fewOrdinalValue, locale)); // Expected: 2-і дом злева assertEquals(fewFormattedOrdinalValue + "-і дом злева", strings.get( "Ordinal.MinimalPair", Map.of("ordinalValue", fewOrdinalValue, "formattedOrdinalValue", fewFormattedOrdinalValue) )); // ORDINALITY_OTHER Number otherOrdinalValue = 1; String otherFormattedOrdinalValue = numberFormat.format(otherOrdinalValue); assertEquals(Ordinality.OTHER, Ordinality.forNumber(otherOrdinalValue, locale)); // Expected: 1-ы дом злева assertEquals(otherFormattedOrdinalValue + "-ы дом злева", strings.get( "Ordinal.MinimalPair", Map.of("ordinalValue", otherOrdinalValue, "formattedOrdinalValue", otherFormattedOrdinalValue) ));
Swift
Swift uses pinned CLDR rules for raw numeric values. The display strings in these assertions are fixed examples; applications format display values separately with Foundation. Default .rtlLocales bidi isolation adds FSI/PDI to interpolated values in right-to-left output.
import Foundation import Lokalized let locale = try LocaleTag("be") let files = try LocalizedStringLoader.loadFromDirectory(URL(fileURLWithPath: "strings")) let catalogs = files.mapValues { LocalizedCatalog(strings: $0.strings) } let strings = try DefaultStrings(configuration: StringsConfiguration( localizedStringSupplier: { catalogs }, localeSupplier: { _ in locale }, fallbackLocale: locale )) let number1 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("2") let category1 = try Ordinality.forNumber(number1, locale: locale.tag) assert(category1 == .few) let message1 = try strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", placeholders: [ "ordinalValue": .number(number1), "formattedOrdinalValue": .text("2"), ]) assert(ExactString(message1) == ExactString("2-і дом злева")) let number2 = try NumericValue.forDecimal("1") let category2 = try Ordinality.forNumber(number2, locale: locale.tag) assert(category2 == .other) let message2 = try strings.get("Ordinal.MinimalPair", placeholders: [ "ordinalValue": .number(number2), "formattedOrdinalValue": .text("1"), ]) assert(ExactString(message2) == ExactString("1-ы дом злева"))
Addendum: Language Form Rules
The language form expressions above are specified by Unicode Technical Standard #35 and use the following notation:
nabsolute value of the source number (integer and decimals)iinteger digits ofnvnumber of visible fraction digits inn, with trailing zeroswnumber of visible fraction digits inn, without trailing zerosfvisible fractional digits inn, with trailing zerostvisible fractional digits inn, without trailing zerosc/ecompact decimal exponent operands used by some CLDR compact-number rules